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山东省契税征收规定

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山东省契税征收规定

山东省人民政府


山东省契税征收规定
山东省人民政府



《山东省契税征收规定》业经省政府批准,现予发布,自1998年7月1日起施行。


第一条 根据《中华人民共和国契税暂行条例》(以下简称《条例》)和《中华人民共和国契税暂行条例细则》(以下简称《细则》)的有关规定,制定本规定。
第二条 凡在本省行政区域内转移土地、房屋权属,承受的单位和个人应当依照《条例》、《细则》和本规定的有关规定缴纳契税。
第三条 契税税率为3%。
第四条 土地使用权出让、出售、房屋买卖,其契税计税依据为合同确定的价格以及由承受方实际支付的超出合同的全部价款。
第五条 除《条例》、《细则》规定的减免税范围外,国家机关、事业单位、社会团体、军事单位取得房地权属用于经营的部分,不予免征契税。
土地、房屋被县级以上人民政府征用、占用后,重新承受土地、房屋权属,其实际支付金额没有超出土地、房屋补偿费和安置补助费的,免征契税;其实际支付金额超出土地、房屋补偿费和安置补助费的部分,纳税确有困难的,经县以上契税征收机关批准,可予以减征或者免征。
第六条 契税征收机关为土地、房屋所在地的财政机关。
征收机关可以委托土地或者房产管理部门代征契税,并办理委托代征手续。
代征部门不得办理减免契税手续。
第七条 纳税人违反《条例》、《细则》和本规定的,由征收机关按照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》及其他有关法律、法规的规定予以处罚。
第八条 契税征收机关或代征部门及其工作人员玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任;尚不构成犯罪的,依法给予行政处分。
第九条 本规定自1998年7月1日起施行。1954年8月30日山东省人民政府制定的《山东省征收契税施行细则》同时废止。
本规定施行前,1997年10月1日后取得房地权属的,应当按照本规定补缴契税。



1998年6月11日
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对伪证罪的分析与认定

郭辉


  如何确定伪证罪,是司法实践中一大难题。根据1997年新刑法实施以来的经验总结和实际情况,笔者以为在兼顾公正与效率情况下,应从立法上进一步对伪证罪予以明确、细化和完善。
  犯罪嫌疑人甲是一个国有公司的经理,他利用职权将9000元公款据为已有。在检察机关讯问过程中,甲辩称其将9000元作1997年年终奖金,在副经理、司机及其本人三人中分了。副经理及司机表示在1997年年终并没有收取过年终奖金。根据副经理、司机的证词和其他相关证据,检察机关以贪污罪将甲移送起诉。在起诉过程中,副经理和司机在律师和起诉部门取证中表示:甲将该9000元公款作1997年年终奖金在三人中分配,副经理和司机从中分得3500元和1700元。检察机关再次取证中,副经理承认自己在侦查过程中所说的是实话,不过考虑到甲可怜,就为其作了伪证。而司机则外逃。基于这份证词和其他相关证据,法院一审以贪污罪对甲作了有罪判决。甲不服上诉,在二审过程中,副经理再次向律师、法院作证称:其知道甲将9000元公款在三人中分配一事,并称自己分得3000元。检察机关又向副经理取证,副经理再次表示自己作了伪证,而作伪证的原因是因为自己同情甲。
  针对这个案例,我们提出以下三个亟待解决的问题:一是如果副经理坚持其伪证行为,司法机关能否以伪证罪追究其刑事责任?二是如果副经理知道司机的下落,但在司法机关取证时谎称不知道,那么这种行为会构成伪证罪吗?三是如果副经理在司法机关取证中保持沉默,我们应当如何认定其行为?
  一、副经理伪证行为不会构成犯罪
  (一)副经理伪证行为在司法实践中的认定。针对第一个问题,司法实践所能给出的答复是:如果副经理坚持其伪证行为,那么司法机关将无法追究其刑事责任。
  刑法第三百零五条规定:在刑事诉讼中,证人、鉴定人、翻译人,对与案件有重要关系的情节,故意作虚假证明、鉴定、记录、翻译,意图陷害他人或者隐匿罪证的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;情节严重的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。从伪证罪的规定可以看出,证人构成伪证罪有两种情况:一是主观上意图陷害他人,客观上故意作虚假证明;二是主观上意图隐匿罪证,客观上故意作虚假证明。那么,我们从本案的两个阶段来分析副经理的行为是否会构成犯罪。
  在副经理第一次作伪证时,甲正处于起诉阶段。假设副经理隐匿甲罪证的行为得逞,甲将极有可能因无罪而免诉。在这种情况下,甲既然“无罪”,副经理当然不会存在“隐匿罪证”的行为,从而司法机关不可能以伪证罪第二种情况来对副经理立案侦查;对伪证罪第一种情况而言,副经理会有许多理由来说明其在侦查阶段的证词不会是“意图陷害”甲,甲也会证明副经理不会“意图陷害”他。这样,司法机关将不可能以伪证罪第一种情况来追究副经理的法律责任。所以,在副经理第一次作伪证时,如果检察机关不能对其形成突破,那么,在没有其他证据的情况下,甲会“无罪”,而副经理不会受到法律的追究。在副经理第二次作伪证时,甲已经一审宣判有罪并判刑,该案正处于二审期间。假设副经理的伪证行为得逞且其一直坚持其伪证证词,那么,在没有其他证据情况下,甲同样极有可能因“事实不?[,证据不足”而最终被判“无罪”。司法机关仍不能以伪证罪第二种情况来对副经理立案侦查;当然,基于甲因副经理的证词被一审宣判有罪,可以考虑按照伪证罪的第一种情况来追究其法律责任,然而,这在实践中是难以做到的。因甲被判无罪,检察机关将处于相当的压力之下,如果再追究副经理的伪证行为,会使检察机关面对更大的压力。所以,在副经理第二次作伪证时,如果检察机关不能对其形成突破,那么,甲将会“无罪”,副经理也不会受到法律追究。
  因此,就本案而言,副经理的伪证行为可以认为没有任何风险,伪证罪的规定在本案中,将无法适用。尤其值得注意的是,当副经理承认了自己的伪证行为之后,他反而有可能因伪证罪被追究法律责任。
(二)、伪证罪内在的不完善。为什么会出现上述情况呢?这是因为新刑法在伪证罪的规定上还有不尽完善的地方。从根本而言,作伪证的目的不过是致人以罪和使犯罪人脱罪这两种。企图致人以罪就是前述的伪证罪的第一种情况“意图陷害他人”,使犯罪人脱罪就是前述的伪证罪的第二种情况“隐匿罪证”。虽然这是伪证者的主观目的,不过,如果将其作为伪证罪的主观方面在刑法中界定出来,就会在司法认定中引起问题。例如:就伪证罪的第二种情况而言,当刑法将“隐匿罪证”作为伪证罪的主观方面的构成来规定时,就将伪证罪与伪证人企图证明的犯罪联系了起来。也就是说,只有当伪证所针对的犯罪被法院认定之后,伪证罪才成立。所以,这种联系本身在理论上是正确的,不过在某些情况中它使伪证罪难以认定。
就本案而言,副经理的证词在没有其他证据情况下,将是对证明甲贪污行为的最有力证据,即:副经理如实作证,就将认定甲将9000元据为已有,甲构成贪污罪;副经理作伪证,就将否认甲将9000元据为已有,甲“无罪”。所以,当副经理作伪证后,就将面对这样两种情况:一是在检察机关询问时,承认自己的伪证行为,从而甲构成贪污罪,自己构成伪证罪;二是在检察机关询问时,否认自己有伪证行为,坚持伪证证词,则甲“无罪”,自己亦“无罪”。基于目前伪证罪规定造成的这种选择,不仅使伪证人在实际上无可选择,也使检察机关在取证上难度加大。
  (三)、思考与借鉴。伪证罪在客体上是妨碍司法秩序的犯罪行为,从这个意义上说,伪证行为人的行为只与其是否故意作伪证有关,至于这种故意的目的是什么,并不会使这种行为的性质发生变化。因此,如果将伪证罪的客观方面以“对司法机关不实陈述”为要件,主观方面只以行为人“故意”实施伪证行为为要件,应更符合伪证罪的实际。
  国外的一些立法提供了借鉴。《法国刑法典》第434-13条规定:“向任何法院或者向任何执行另一法院之委托办案的司法警察官员宣誓作伪证的,处5年监禁并科50万法郎罚金。但如作伪证的人在预审法院或判决法院作出终结审判程序的裁定之前,自动撤销其证明者,不罚”i。《加拿大刑事法典》第131条规定:“(1)、在适用第(3)款之前提下,任何人明知其陈述不实,仍意图误导,以誓言或庄严声明,宣誓书,庄严声明或证词或口头形式,面对经合法授权可听取证据者作不实陈述,为伪证罪。(2)、无论是否于司法程序中作出第(1)款述及之陈述,第(1)款均适用。(3)、对未经法律特别许可,授权或要求的作证者作出第(1)款述及之陈述,第(1)款不适用”。上述国家关于伪证罪的规定,都以伪证者“宣誓伪证”或“不实陈述”作为伪证罪的客观方面,以伪证者故意作伪证为其主观方面,从而不将其与伪证所针对的犯罪相联系。法国刑法还规定伪证人自动撤销伪证的,不罚,以鼓励伪证者自动承认其伪证行为,免除了伪证人在作伪证之后的两难处境。
  从法理而言,伪证是妨碍司法活动的行为,在界定伪证罪时将其与伪证针对的犯罪区分开,这是有一定理论依据的。就笔者前述案例而言,如果刑法中规定以“证人不实陈述”为构成伪证罪的客观要件,以行为人的“故意”为主观要件,那么,无论该副经理在起诉和二审中如何作伪证,是否坚持其伪证都不会影响到司法机关对其以伪证罪立案侦查;如果刑法中进一步规定“在法院判决前,伪证者自动承认其伪证行为的,不罚”,那么,这将促使该副经理尽快改正其伪证行为。
  二、“不实陈述”的含义
  前述第二个问题是:如果副经理知道司机的下落,但在司法机关取证时谎称不知道,那么这种行为会构成伪证罪吗?这个问题的涉及到伪证罪中“不实陈述”iii的含义是什么?
  我们知道,刑事诉讼包括司法机关侦查、起诉和法院判决活动。这些活动必然要通过询问知道案件事实或知道与案件有关事实的证人来达到查明案情的目的。所以,证人作证的义务,既包括对案件事实作证,也包括对一切与案件有关的事实作证。而证人无论对上述任何一点作伪证,都是没有尽到其法定义务,必将妨害司法机关的活动,从而构成违法行为。这种违法行为,如果针对的是与案件有重要关系的情节或与侦查、起诉活动有重要关系的事实,则构成犯罪行为。法国刑法典第434-12条专门规定:“公开承认自己认识重罪或轻罪之罪犯,但拒绝回答法官就此向其提出的问题的,处1年监禁并科10万法郎罚金。”iv从这一条文可以看出,法国刑法不仅认可证人必须就与侦查、起诉活动有重要关系的事实如实作证,而且还专门就犯罪嫌疑人问题做出专门的规定,将其从伪证罪中分离出来。因此,我们可以得出结论:“不实陈述”是行为人针对与案件有重要关系的情节或与侦查、起诉活动有重要关系的事实,故意做出的违反客观事实的陈述。
  三、证人、沉默权、拒绝作证权
  前述第三个问题,就是司法实践中常见的证人拒绝作证的问题。在刑事诉讼过程中,证人作证可能出现的情况,除如实作证、作伪证外,还有拒绝作证。拒绝作证体现为在司法机关取证过程中,证人以保持沉默、公然拒绝作证等方式不履行其作证的义务。证人拒绝作证,当然不是作伪证,不过,这同样也是妨碍司法活动的行为。由于我国的刑事诉讼法中对它没有相应的规定,所以在此作一探讨。
  沉默权是西方国家无罪推定体系中的一部分,其目的是尊重犯罪嫌疑人在作出陈述方面的自由意志和自由选择权,要求司法机关不得强迫犯罪嫌疑人作出不利于自己的供述,不因犯罪嫌疑人保持沉默或者故意作出虚假陈述而使其承受任何不利的法律后果。因此,沉默权是犯罪嫌疑人所特有的。而证人,则无论我国还是西方国家都要求其必须如实作证。我国刑法中,证人必须如实作证是基于刑事诉讼法第三十七条:“凡是知道案件情况的人都有作证的义务。”也就是说,证人必须把所知道的案件事实全部如实告诉司法机关,可见作伪证、拒绝作证都是违法行为。
  西方国家除规定了证人必须如实作证及伪证罪外,对证人拒绝作证还作了具体的规定。如《德国刑事诉讼法典》第七十条规定:“(一)证人无法定理由却拒绝作证、宣誓的,要承担因拒绝造成的费用。对他同时还要科处秩序罚款和不能交纳罚款时易处秩序羁押。(二)为了强制作证,也可以命令羁押,但羁押时间不得超过本诉讼审级程序的终结时间,也不得超过六个月。”《意大利刑事诉讼法典》第207条也有着相类似的规定。
  当然,西方国家在规定证人必须如实作证的同时,还赋予了证人拒绝作证权,其基本内容为犯罪嫌疑人的配偶、订婚人或其他近亲属可拒绝作证,神职人员可拒绝提供忏悔者的秘密,辩护人、医生可拒绝提供因职业获知的秘密等等。这些规定是西方国家基于对家庭、职业的利益、价值的考虑而设立的,与沉默权相区别的,与证人作证义务相配套的,建立于“排除合理怀疑”这一证明标准之上的法律规定。因此,它并不适合于我国现有的刑事诉讼法律体系。
  我们可以得出结论,证人在刑事诉讼过程中,是不能以沉默等方式拒绝作证的。当然,为了使因此证人不能拒绝作证。当然,为了使我国司法机关在取证过程中能够更有效率,应当把证人拒绝作证的刑事责任以及对证人的保护措施和经济措施予以配套,并规定在我国的刑事诉讼法中。
  四、立法建议
  综上所述,建议我国刑法对伪证罪的构成要件作相应的修改,以“对司法机关不实陈述”为伪证罪的客观方面要件,以“故意”实施该行为为主观要件,并且规定“在法院判决前,伪证者自动承认其伪证行为的,不罚”。此外,增加证人拒绝作证的刑事责任的规定、对证人的保护措施、经济措施的规定。相信,这可以使伪证罪的立法更为完善。


北安市人民法院 郭辉

中华人民共和国国家赔偿法(附英文)

全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国国家赔偿法(附英文)

中华人民共和国主席令(八届第23号)

《中华人民共和国国家赔偿法》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议于1994年5月12日通过,现予公布,自1995年1月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 江泽民
1994年5月12日


1994年5月12日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议通过

目 录
第一章 总 则
第二章 行政赔偿
第一节 赔偿范围
第二节 赔偿请求人和赔偿义务机关
第三节 赔偿程序
第三章 刑事赔偿
第一节 赔偿范围
第二节 赔偿请求人和赔偿义务机关
第三节 赔偿程序
第四章 赔偿方式和计算标准
第五章 其他规定
第六章 附 则

第一章 总 则
第一条 为保障公民、法人和其他组织享有依法取得国家赔偿的权利,促进国家机关依法行使职权,根据宪法,制定本法。
第二条 国家机关和国家机关工作人员违法行使职权侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,受害人有依照本法取得国家赔偿的权利。
国家赔偿由本法规定的赔偿义务机关履行赔偿义务。

第二章 行政赔偿


第一节 赔偿范围
第三条 行政机关及其工作人员在行使行政职权时有下列侵犯人身权情形之一的,受害人有取得赔偿的权利:
(一)违法拘留或者违法采取限制公民人身自由的行政强制措施的;
(二)非法拘禁或者以其他方法非法剥夺公民人身自由的;
(三)以殴打等暴力行为或者唆使他人以殴打等暴力行为造成公民身体伤害或者死亡的;
(四)违法使用武器、警械造成公民身体伤害或者死亡的;
(五)造成公民身体伤害或者死亡的其他违法行为。
第四条 行政机关及其工作人员在行使行政职权时有下列侵犯财产权情形之一的,受害人有取得赔偿的权利:
(一)违法实施罚款、吊销许可证和执照、责令停产停业、没收财物等行政处罚的;
(二)违法对财产采取查封、扣押、冻结等行政强制措施的;
(三)违反国家规定征收财物、摊派费用的;
(四)造成财产损害的其他违法行为。
第五条 属于下列情形之一的,国家不承担赔偿责任:
(一)行政机关工作人员与行使职权无关的个人行为;
(二)因公民、法人和其他组织自己的行为致使损害发生的;
(三)法律规定的其他情形。

第二节 赔偿请求人和赔偿义务机关
第六条 受害的公民、法人或者其他组织有权要求赔偿。
受害的公民死亡,其继承人和其他有扶养关系的亲属有权要求赔偿。
受害的法人或者其他组织终止,承受其权利的法人或者其他组织有权要求赔偿。
第七条 行政机关及其工作人员行使行政职权侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,该行政机关为赔偿义务机关。
两个以上行政机关共同行使行政职权时侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,共同行使行政职权的行政机关为共同赔偿义务机关。
法律、法规授权的组织在行使授予的行政权力时侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,被授权的组织为赔偿义务机关。
受行政机关委托的组织或者个人在行使受委托的行政权力时侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,委托的行政机关为赔偿义务机关。
赔偿义务机关被撤销的,继续行使其职权的行政机关为赔偿义务机关;没有继续行使其职权的行政机关的,撤销该赔偿义务机关的行政机关为赔偿义务机关。
第八条 经复议机关复议的,最初造成侵权行为的行政机关为赔偿义务机关,但复议机关的复议决定加重损害的,复议机关对加重的部分履行赔偿义务。

第三节 赔偿程序
第九条 赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第三条、第四条规定的情形之一的,应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求赔偿应当先向赔偿义务机关提出,也可以在申请行政复议和提起行政诉讼时一并提出。
第十条 赔偿请求人可以向共同赔偿义务机关中的任何一个赔偿义务机关要求赔偿,该赔偿义务机关应当先予赔偿。
第十一条 赔偿请求人根据受到的不同损害,可以同时提出数项赔偿要求。
第十二条 要求赔偿应当递交申请书,申请书应当载明下列事项:
(一)受害人的姓名、性别、年龄、工作单位和住所,法人或者其他组织的名称、住所和法定代表人或者主要负责人的姓名、职务;
(二)具体的要求、事实根据和理由;
(三)申请的年、月、日。
赔偿请求人书写申请书确有困难的,可以委托他人代书;也可以口头申请,由赔偿义务机关记入笔录。
第十三条 赔偿义务机关应当自收到申请之日起两个月内依照本法第四章的规定给予赔偿;逾期不予赔偿或者赔偿请求人对赔偿数额有异议的,赔偿请求人可以自期间届满之日起三个月内向人民法院提起诉讼。
第十四条 赔偿义务机关赔偿损失后,应当责令有故意或者重大过失的工作人员或者受委托的组织或者个人承担部分或者全部赔偿费用。
对有故意或者重大过失的责任人员,有关机关应当依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,应当依法追究刑事责任。

第三章 刑事赔偿


第一节 赔偿范围
第十五条 行使侦查、检察、审判、监狱管理职权的机关及其工作人员在行使职权时有下列侵犯人身权情形之一的,受害人有取得赔偿的权利:
(一)对没有犯罪事实或者没有事实证明有犯罪重大嫌疑的人错误拘留的;
(二)对没有犯罪事实的人错误逮捕的;
(三)依照审判监督程序再审改判无罪,原判刑罚已经执行的;
(四)刑讯逼供或者以殴打等暴力行为或者唆使他人以殴打等暴力行为造成公民身体伤害或者死亡的;
(五)违法使用武器、警械造成公民身体伤害或者死亡的。
第十六条 行使侦查、检察、审判、监狱管理职权的机关及其工作人员在行使职权时有下列侵犯财产权情形之一的,受害人有取得赔偿的权利:
(一)违法对财产采取查封、扣押、冻结、追缴等措施的;
(二)依照审判监督程序再审改判无罪,原判罚金、没收财产已经执行的。
第十七条 属于下列情形之一的,国家不承担赔偿责任:
(一)因公民自己故意作虚伪供述,或者伪造其他有罪证据被羁押或者被判处刑罚的;
(二)依照刑法第十四条、第十五条规定不负刑事责任的人被羁押的;
(三)依照刑事诉讼法第十一条规定不追究刑事责任的人被羁押的;
(四)行使国家侦查、检察、审判、监狱管理职权的机关的工作人员与行使职权无关的个人行为;
(五)因公民自伤、自残等故意行为致使损害发生的;
(六)法律规定的其他情形。

第二节 赔偿请求人和赔偿义务机关
第十八条 赔偿请求人的确定依照本法第六条的规定。
第十九条 行使国家侦查、检察、审判、监狱管理职权的机关及其工作人员在行使职权时侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,该机关为赔偿义务机关。
对没有犯罪事实或者没有事实证明有犯罪重大嫌疑的人错误拘留的,作出拘留决定的机关为赔偿义务机关。
对没有犯罪事实的人错误逮捕的,作出逮捕决定的机关为赔偿义务机关。
再审改判无罪的,作出原生效判决的人民法院为赔偿义务机关。二审改判无罪的,作出一审判决的人民法院和作出逮捕决定的机关为共同赔偿义务机关。

第三节 赔偿程序
第二十条 赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的,应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的,被要求的机关不予确认的,赔偿请求人有权申诉。
赔偿请求人要求赔偿,应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。
赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。
第二十一条 赔偿义务机关应当自收到申请之日起两个月内依照本法第四章的规定给予赔偿;逾期不予赔偿或者赔偿请求人对赔偿数额有异议的,赔偿请求人可以自期间届满之日起三十日内向其上一级机关申请复议。
赔偿义务机关是人民法院的,赔偿请求人可以依照前款规定向其上一级人民法院赔偿委员会申请作出赔偿决定。
第二十二条 复议机关应当自收到申请之日起两个月内作出决定。
赔偿请求人不服复议决定的,可以在收到复议决定之日起三十日内向复议机关所在地的同级人民法院赔偿委员会申请作出赔偿决定;复议机关逾期不作决定的,赔偿请求人可以自期间届满之日起三十日内向复议机关所在地的同级人民法院赔偿委员会申请作出赔偿决定。
第二十三条 中级以上的人民法院设立赔偿委员会,由人民法院三名至七名审判员组成。
赔偿委员会作赔偿决定,实行少数服从多数的原则。
赔偿委员会作出的赔偿决定,是发生法律效力的决定,必须执行。
第二十四条 赔偿义务机关赔偿损失后,应当向有下列情形之一的工作人员追偿部分或者全部赔偿费用:
(一)有本法第十五条第(四)、(五)项规定情形的;
(二)在处理案件中有贪污受贿,徇私舞弊,枉法裁判行为的。
对有前款(一)、(二)项规定情形的责任人员,有关机关应当依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,应当依法追究刑事责任。

第四章 赔偿方式和计算标准
第二十五条 国家赔偿以支付赔偿金为主要方式。
能够返还财产或者恢复原状的,予以返还财产或者恢复原状。
第二十六条 侵犯公民人身自由的,每日的赔偿金按照国家上年度职工日平均工资计算。
第二十七条 侵犯公民生命健康权的,赔偿金按照下列规定计算:
(一)造成身体伤害的,应当支付医疗费,以及赔偿因误工减少的收入。减少的收入每日的赔偿金按照国家上年度职工日平均工资计算,最高额为国家上年度职工年平均工资的五倍;
(二)造成部分或者全部丧失劳动能力的,应当支付医疗费,以及残疾赔偿金,残疾赔偿金根据丧失劳动能力的程度确定,部分丧失劳动能力的最高额为国家上年度职工年平均工资的十倍,全部丧失劳动能力的为国家上年度职工年平均工资的二十倍。造成全部丧失劳动能力的,对其扶养的无劳动能力的人,还应当支付生活费;
(三)造成死亡的,应当支付死亡赔偿金、丧葬费,总额为国家上年度职工年平均工资的二十倍。对死者生前扶养的无劳动能力的人,还应当支付生活费。
前款第(二)、(三)项规定的生活费的发放标准参照当地民政部门有关生活救济的规定办理。被扶养的人是未成年人的,生活费给付至十八周岁止;其他无劳动能力的人,生活费给付至死亡时止。
第二十八条 侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的财产权造成损害的,按照下列规定处理:
(一)处罚款、罚金、追缴、没收财产或者违反国家规定征收财物、摊派费用的,返还财产;
(二)查封、扣押、冻结财产的,解除对财产的查封、扣押、冻结,造成财产损坏或者灭失的,依照本条第(三)、(四)项的规定赔偿;
(三)应当返还的财产损坏的,能够恢复原状的恢复原状,不能恢复原状的,按照损害程度给付相应的赔偿金;
(四)应当返还的财产灭失的,给付相应的赔偿金;
(五)财产已经拍卖的,给付拍卖所得的价款;
(六)吊销许可证和执照、责令停产停业的,赔偿停产停业期间必要的经常性费用开支;
(七)对财产权造成其他损害的,按照直接损失给予赔偿。
第二十九条 赔偿费用,列入各级财政预算,具体办法由国务院规定。

第五章 其他规定
第三十条 赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第三条第(一)、(二)项、第十五条第(一)、(二)、(三)项情形之一,并造成受害人名誉权、荣誉权损害的,应当在侵权行为影响的范围内,为受害人消除影响,恢复名誉,赔礼道歉。
第三十一条 人民法院在民事诉讼、行政诉讼过程中,违法采取对妨害诉讼的强制措施、保全措施或者对判决、裁定及其他生效法律文书执行错误,造成损害的,赔偿请求人要求赔偿的程序,适用本法刑事赔偿程序的规定。
第三十二条 赔偿请求人请求国家赔偿的时效为两年,自国家机关及其工作人员行使职权时的行为被依法确认为违法之日起计算,但被羁押期间不计算在内。
赔偿请求人在赔偿请求时效的最后六个月内,因不可抗力或者其他障碍不能行使请求权的,时效中止。从中止时效的原因消除之日起,赔偿请求时效期间继续计算。
第三十三条 外国人、外国企业和组织在中华人民共和国领域内要求中华人民共和国国家赔偿的,适用本法。
外国人、外国企业和组织的所属国对中华人民共和国公民、法人和其他组织要求该国国家赔偿的权利不予保护或者限制的,中华人民共和国与该外国人、外国企业和组织的所属国实行对等原则。

第六章 附 则
第三十四条 赔偿请求人要求国家赔偿的,赔偿义务机关、复议机关和人民法院不得向赔偿请求人收取任何费用。
对赔偿请求人取得的赔偿金不予征税。
第三十五条 本法自1995年1月1日起施行。

附:法律有关条文
一、刑法
第十四条 已满十六岁的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任。
已满十四岁不满十六岁的人,犯杀人、重伤、抢劫、放火、惯窃罪或者其他严重破坏社会秩序罪,应当负刑事责任。
已满十四岁不满十八岁的人犯罪,应当从轻或者减轻处罚。
因不满十六岁不处罚的,责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教;在必要的时候,也可以由政府收容教养。
第十五条 精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果的,不负刑事责任;但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗。
间歇性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪,应当负刑事责任。
醉酒的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任。
二、刑事诉讼法
第十一条 有下列情形之一的,不追究刑事责任,已经追究的,应当撤销案件,或者不起诉,或者宣告无罪:
(一)情节显著轻微、危害不大,不认为是犯罪的;
(二)犯罪已过追诉时效期限的;
(三)经特赦令免除刑罚的;
(四)依照刑法告诉才处理的犯罪,没有告诉或者撤回告诉的;
(五)被告人死亡的;
(六)其他法律、法令规定免予追究刑事责任的。

Law of the People's Republic of China on State Compensation

(Adopted on May 12, 1994 at the Seventh Session of the StandingCommittee of the Eighth National People's Congress and promulgated on thesame day)

Whole document
Law of the People's Republic of China on State Compensation
(Adopted on May 12, 1994 at the Seventh Session of the Standing
Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress and promulgated on the
same day)

Chapter 1 General Principles
Article 1
In conformity with the Constitution, this Law is enacted to protect
citizens, legal persons and other organizations to enjoy the right to
compensation by the state and to promote the state organs to exercise
their functions and powers in accordance with law.
Article 2
If a state organ or a member of its personnel, when exercising
functions and powers in violation of the law, infringes upon the lawful
rights and interests of a citizen, legal person or other organization and
causes damages the aggrieved person shall have the right to recover
damages from the state in accordance with this Law.
The obligations of state compensation shall be performed by the organs
under compensatory obligations stipulated by this Law.

Chapter 2 Administrative Compensation


Section 1: Scope of Compensation
Article 3
The aggrieved person shall have the right to recover damages in one of
the following circumstances where an administrative organ or its personnel
infringes upon his personal rights when exercising functions and powers:
(1) where there is unlawful detention or an unlawful compulsory
administrative measure to restrict the personal freedom of a citizen;
(2) where there is unlawful custody or otherwise unlawful deprivation
of the personal freedom of a citizen;
(3) where such violent act as battery or abetting others in battery
causes bodily injury to or decease of a citizen;
(4) where the use of weapon or police apparatus in violation of laws
causes bodily injury to or decease of a citizen; or
(5) other unlawful acts which cause bodily injury to or decease of a
citizen.
Article 4
The aggrieved person shall have the right to recover damages in one of
the following circumstances where an administrative organ or its personnel
infringes upon his property right when exercising its functions and
powers:
(1) imposing an administrative punishment in violation of the law,
such as fining, revocation of a permit or license, order to suspend
production or business operation or confiscation of property and article;
(2) taking a compulsory administrative measure in violation of the law
such as sealing up, distraining or freezing of property;
(3) expropriating property and article or apportioning expenses in
violation of rules and regulations of the state; or
(4) other unlawful acts which cause damage to property.
Article 5
The state shall not be liable for compensation in one of the following
circumstances:
(1) where the personal act by personnel of the state organ, which does
not relate to his exercise of functions and powers;
(2) where the act by a citizen, legal person or other organization
itself causes damage; or
(3) other situations as provided for by law.

Section 2: Claimant for Compensation and Organs for compensatory Obligations
Article 6
The aggrieved citizen, legal person or other organization shall have
the right to claim compensation.
Where the aggrieved citizen is deceased, his successor or other
relatives with maintenance relation shall have the right to claim
compensation.
Where the aggrieved legal person or other organization has terminated,
the legal person or other organization which succeeds its rights shall
have the right to claim compensation.
Article 7
Where an administrative organ and its personnel infringe upon the
lawful rights and interests of a citizen, a legal person or other
organization and cause damage when exercising its administrative functions
and powers, the organ shall be responsible for fulfilling compensatory
obligations.
Two administrative organs or more which infringe upon the lawful
rights and interests of a citizen, legal person or other organization and
cause damage when exercising their joint administrative functions and
powers, shall be the organs under joint compensatory obligations.
An organization authorized by law which infringes upon the lawful
rights and interests of a citizen, legal person or other organization and
causes damage when exercising its authorized administrative powers, shall
be the organ under compensatory obligations.
An organization or individual entrusted by an administrative organ
infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a citizen, legal person
or other organization and causes damage when exercising the entrusted
administrative powers, shall be the organ under compensatory obligations.
Where the organ for compensatory obligation has been abolished, the
administrative organ that continues to exercise the abolished organ's
functions and powers shall be the organ under compensatory obligation;
where there is no such a continued administrative organ, the
administrative organ that did the abolishment shall be the organ under
compensatory obligations.
Article 8
Where the case has been reconsidered by the organ under
reconsideration, the administrative organ which caused the initial damage
shall be the organ under compensatory obligations; where the
reconsideration decision by the organ for reconsideration aggravates the
damage, the organ for reconsideration shall be liable for the damage
resulting from the aggravation part.

Section 3: Procedure of Compensation
Article 9
The organ for compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in one
of the circumstances as provided for in Article 3 and Article 4 of this
Law once confirmed in accordance with law.
A claimant shall, first, file a claim for compensation with an organ
under compensatory obligations and may, in the meantime, file a claim
when applying for an administrative reconsideration and instituting an
administrative procedure.
Article 10
A claimant may claim compensation from any one of the organs under
joint compensatory obligations and the said organ under compensatory
obligations shall pay compensation first.
Article 11
The claimant may, depending on different injuries suffered, file
several claims for compensation.
Article 12
The claim for compensation shall be filed by presenting an
application, which shall contain the following contents:
(1) name, sex, age, employer and address of the claimant, name and
address of the legal person or other organization and name and post of its
legal representative or main person in charge;
(2) the specific claim, factual basis and reasons; and
(3) the date of application.
Where the claimant has difficulty in writing the application, the
claimant may entrust it with other persons or file a verbal application,
which shall be recorded in writing by the organ under compensatory
obligations.
Article 13
The organ under compensatory obligations shall, within 2 months from
the date of receipt of the application, pay compensation in accordance
with the provisions of Chapter 4 of this Law; in case of failure by it to
pay compensation within the specific period, or where the claimant is not
satisfied with the amount of compensation, the claimant may, within 3
months from the date of expiration of the period, bring an action in a
people's court.
Article 14
After paying compensation, the organ under compensatory obligations
shall instruct its personnel or the entrusted organization or person who
has committed intentional or grave mistake in the case to bear part or all
of the expenses for damage.
The competent authorities shall, in accordance with law, impose
administrative sanctions on those responsible persons who have committed
intentional or grave mistakes in the case; If the case constitutes a
crime, the criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Chapter 3 Criminal Compensation


Section 1: Scope of Compensation
Article 15
Where organs and their personnel which exercise the functions and
powers of detection, prosecution, adjudication and administration of
prison cause any of the following infringements upon personal rights when
exercising their functions and powers, the aggrieved person shall have the
right to recover damages:
(1) a wrong detention of a person without criminal facts or without
facts evidencing the person with gross criminal suspicion;
(2) a wrong arrest of a person without criminal facts;
(3) an adjudication of innocence is given to change an original
sentence in the retrial according to the procedure for trial supervision,
and the original sentence of penalty has been executed;
(4) bodily injury to or death of a citizen caused by torture
arrangement or such violent acts as battery or abetting others in battery;
(5) the bodily injury to or decease of a citizen caused by unlawful
use of weapon or police apparatus.
Article 16
Organs and their personnel which exercise the functions and powers of
detection, prosecution, adjudication and administration of prison cause
one of the following infringements upon property rights when exercising
their functions and powers, the aggrieved person shall have the right to
recover damages:
(1) where there is a measure, such as sealing up, distraint, freezing
or recovery of property in violation of law; or
(2) where an adjudication of innocence is given to change an original
sentence in the retrial in accordance with the procedure for retrial
supervision, and the original court supervision of fine or confiscation of
property has been executed.
Article 17
The state shall not be responsible for compensation in any of the
following circumstances:
(1) where a citizen was put into custody or was sentenced criminal
penalty because of his intentionally false confession or falsification of
other evidence of guilt;
(2) where a person, who shall not bear criminal responsibility in
accordance with Article 14 and Article 15 of the Criminal Law, was put
into custody;
(3) where a person, who shall not be prosecuted for criminal
responsibility in accordance with Article 11 of the Criminal procedure
Law, was put into custody;
(4) personal act by the personnel of the organs that exercise the
functions and powers of detection, prosecution, adjudication and
administration of prison, which does not relate to his exercise of the
said functions and powers;
(5) where the damage was caused by such intentional acts as
self-injuring or self-disabling; or
(6) other situations as provided for by law.

Section 2: Claimant for Compensation and Organ for Compensatory Obligations
Article 18
The claimant for compensation shall be determined in accordance with
Article 6 of this Law.
Article 19
Where organs and their personnel which exercise the functions and
powers of detection, prosecution, adjudication and administration of
prison infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of a citizen, legal
person or other organization when exercising their functions and powers,
the organs shall be responsible for fulfilling compensatory obligations.
The organ which makes a wrong decision to detain a person without
criminal facts or a person without facts evidencing gross criminal
suspicion shall be the organ for compensatory obligations.
The organ which makes a wrong decision to arrest a person without
criminal facts shall be the organ for compensatory obligations.
Where a sentence is given to change an original judgment in the
retrial, the people's court which made the original effective judgment
shall be the organ for compensatory obligations. Where an adjudication of
innocence is given to change an original judgment in the second instance,
the people's court which made the judgment of first instance and the organ
which made the decision of arrest shall be the organ for compensatory
obligations.

Section 3: Procedures of Compensation
Article 20
The organ for compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any
of the circumstances as provided for in Article 15 and Article 16 of this
Law when confirmed in accordance with law.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of
the circumstances as provided for in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law
and the demanded organ refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant
shall have the right to lodge a complaint.
Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim shall, first, be
lodged to the organ for compensatory obligations.
The procedures of compensation shall apply to the provisions of
Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 of this Law.
Article 21
The organ for compensatory obligations shall, within 2 months from the
date of receipt of the application, pay compensation in accordance with
the provisions of Chapter 4 of this Law; in case of failure by it to pay
compensation within the period specified or where the claimant is not
satisfied with the amount of compensation, the claimant may, within 30
days from the date of expiration of the time limit, apply for
reconsideration by an organ at the next higher level.
Where the organ under compensatory obligations is a people's court,
the claimant for compensation may, pursuant to the provisions of preceding
paragraph, apply to the compensation commission of the people's court at
the next higher level for a decision of compensation.
Article 22
The organ for reconsideration shall, within 2 months from the date of
receipt of the application, make a decision.
Where the claimant for compensation is not satisfied with the
reconsideration decision, he or she may, within 30 days from the date of
receipt of reconsideration decision, apply for a decision of compensation
to the compensation commission of the people's court at the same level at
the place where the organ for reconsideration is located; Failure by the
organ for reconsideration to make a decision within the period specified,
the claimant for compensation may, within 30 days from the date of
expiration of the time period, apply for a decision of compensation to the
compensation commission of the people's court at the same level at the
place where the organ for reconsideration is located.
Article 23
An intermediate people's court or the people's court above the
intermediate level shall set up a compensation commission, which shall
consist of 3 to 7 judges.
The compensation commission shall make a decision of compensation on
the principle of the minority subordinate to the majority.
Where the decision of compensation by the compensation commission is
of validity of law, it must be executed.
Article 24
Having paid compensation, the organ under compensatory obligations
shall recover part or all of the damages from its personnel in any of the
following circumstances:
(1) the circumstances as provided for in Article 15 (4), (5) of this
Law; or
(2) where its personnel embezzle or take bribery and embezzlement or
act wrongly out of personal considerations or commit fraudulent act or
bring in judgment by perverting the law.
The competent authorities shall, in accordance with law, impose
administrative sanctions on those responsible persons who fall in one of
the circumstances as provided for in (1) and (2) of the proceeding
paragraph; If the case constitute a crime, the criminal responsibility
shall be investigated in accordance with law.

Chapter 4 Methods of Compensation and Calculation Standards
Article 25
The main method of state compensation shall be the payment of damages.
Where the property can be returned or can be restored to the original
state, it shall be returned or made restoration to the original state.
Article 26
Where the personal rights of a citizen are infringed upon, the amount
of money for compensation per day shall be calculated according to the
average salary per day of the staff of the state in the preceding year.
Article 27
Where the rights of life and health of a citizen are infringed upon,
the amount of money for compensation per day shall be calculated according
to the following provisions:
(1) Where bodily injury is caused, medical expenses and compensation
for losses of income for absence from work shall be paid. The amount of
money for compensation per day for losses of income shall be calculated
according to the average salary per day of the staff of the state in the
preceding year. The maximum amount shall be five times as much as the
annual average salary of the staff of the state in the preceding year.
(2) Where partial or total loss of the ability to work is caused,
medical expenses and compensation money for disablement shall be paid. The
amount of money for compensation for disablement shall be calculated
according to the seriousness of loss of the ability to work. The maximum
amount of compensation money for partial loss of ability to work shall be
ten times as much as the annual average salary of the staff of the state
in the preceding year. The maximum amount of compensation money for total
loss of ability to work shall be twenty times as much as the annual
average salary of the staff of the state in the preceding year. In case of
total loss of ability to work, living expenses shall be paid to the person
who is maintained by the aggrieved and without ability to work. and
(3) Where decease is caused, compensation money and funeral expenses
shall be paid, the total amount of which shall be twenty times as much as
the annual average salary of the staff of the state in the preceding year.
Living expenses shall be paid to the person who is maintained by the
aggrieved before his or her decease and without ability to work.
The granting of living expenses mentioned in (2) and (3) of the
preceding paragraph shall be made in light of the relevant provisions
concerning subsistence relief promulgated by the local civil
administration department. Should the person maintained be a juvenile, the
living expenses shall be paid until the juvenile reaches the age of 18;

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